Another widely endorsed scheme puts the western portion of the Caucasus region in Europe and the eastern partthat is, the bulk of Azerbaijan and small portions of Armenia, Georgia, and Russias Caspian Sea coastin Asia. The landlocked countries in Europe are: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kosovo, Liechtenstein (which is doubly landlocked), Luxembourg, North Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Vatican City. The empire of ancient Rome, at its greatest extent in the 2nd century ce, revealed, and imprinted its culture on, much of the face of the continent. Enacting regional social policies and economic legislation, especially through bodies like the European Union, may help curb that trend. The country is also home to a number of outstanding schools for automotive design, such as the Hochschule Esslingen and Hochschule Pforzheim.Political GeographyEuropes long history and economic progress have been shaped by its political geography. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Milan is also home to important European fashion magazines, such as Grazia, Vogue Italia, and Vera.German automotive design has a global reputation for excellence and prestige. The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary. The well-watered plateaus give rise to many rivers and are well adapted to pastoral farming. National Geographic News: New Fault Found in EuropeMay 'Close Up' Adriatic Sea, National Geographic News: Volcanic Ash Stops Europe FlightsWhy Ash Is Dangerous, European Environment Agency: European Land Cover, National Geographic Education: Mapping EuropeLand Mammal Range. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. World War I (1914-1918) left about 16 million people dead. (South of Northern Ireland is the separate country of Ireland, which gained its independence from the U.K. in 1937.) Today, this cultural wealth is used to solidify the European Community and is exported to the rest of the world as one of the continents greatest global assets.Historic CulturesIndigenous cultures shaped, and were shaped by, the varied geography of Europe. The North European Plain extends across the country's northern reaches; this flat, lowland terrain is dissected by . The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. The Central Powers (led by the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire) fell to the forces of the Allied Powers (led by the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire). Most Greek gods and goddesses are representations of the active physical elements that made up the local landscape. La Boule measures 7.5 miles and is served by a lovely and ancient seaside town where many of the French elite have holiday homes. Note: Italy's capital, Rome, is the country's largest city if only the municipality (comune) is considered. It stands 10,922 feet high on the coast of the Mediterranean island Sicily. Some of these concepts include the idea of an elected Senate and the stationing of military troops outside a countrys home region.World War I and World War II dramatically affected the political geography of Europe. Map created by National Geographic Maps. Turkey and Cyprus in particular, while geologically Asian, possess elements of European culture and may be regarded as parts of Europe. When it . Three smaller peninsulasIberia, Italy, and the Balkansemerge from the southern margin of the mainland. Among the alternative boundaries proposed by geographers that have gained wide acceptance is a scheme that sees the crest of the Greater Caucasus range as the dividing line between Europe and Asia, placing Ciscaucasia, the northern part of the Caucasus region, in Europe and Transcaucasia, the southern part, in Asia. The Alpine region also includes active volcanoes, such as Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius in Italy. Among the struggling economies that may suffer from carbon emission limits are Romania, Bulgaria, and Moldova.Thus, it seems that Europes historic disparities between north and south, west and east, will continue to widen in the future. To read all future answers to your comment, please bookmark this page. Today much of topography is focused on creating 3D representations of the Earth's surface. In order to distinguish herds, families and communities developed a pattern of cuts and notches on the animals ears.Reindeer were also the Samis main method of transporting goods during their nomadic journeys. Bitte aktivieren Sie JavaScript. These revolutions eventually lead to the end of the Cold War, symbolized by the falling of the Berlin Wall in 1989.Contemporary IssuesEurope is now broadly defined in the context of the European Union (EU), an economic and political body officially created by the Maastricht Treaty in 1993. All rights reserved. Europe Europe, second smallest of the world's continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying nearly one-fifteenth of the world's total land area. Reindeer herding is still an important aspect of Sami culture, which continues to thrive in northern Scandinavia and Russias Kola Peninsula.Distinct physical features had a lasting impact on how European cultures communicated with each other. In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas and nearby islands. Whats the Difference Between Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Ethnic Groups / People of Europe are at 87. Physical features, weather-related phenomena, and local resources had a deep impact on how historic European cultures prospered, interacted, and believed their world worked.The geography and climate of the Mediterranean region, for example, directly influenced Greek mythology. The debate surrounding the cartoons also intensified strained relations between the Islamic world and the West.In 2010, the French government dismantled illegal immigrant camps throughout France. China says a ban on the use of TikTok by official European Union institutions will harm business confidence in Europe, With more lunar missions than ever on the horizon, the European Space Agency wants to give the moon its own time zone, The death toll has risen to at least 63 in the migrant tragedy off Italys southern coast after rescue crews recovered several more bodies, Shares have opened lower in Europe after a mixed session in Asia following a reprieve on Wall Street from recent selling pressure driven by worries over inflation and interest rates, Spain is building on its reputation in renewable energy to position itself as Europes future leader in green hydrogen. Germany's largest wooded area,. It covers an area of 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi). The highest peaks in those ranges are Mount Corno (9,554 feet [2,912 metres]) in the Abruzzi Apennines, Bobotov Kuk (8,274 feet [2,522 metres]) in the Dinaric Alps, Mount Botev (7,795 feet [2,376 metres]) in the Balkan Mountains, Gerlachovsk Peak (Gerlach; 8,711 feet [2,655 metres]) in the Western Carpathians, and Mount Moldoveanu (8,346 feet [2,544 metres]) in the Transylvanian Alps. It has coastlines on the Bay of Biscay (a part of the Atlantic Ocean) and the Mediterranean Sea.Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid, and the country is known for its long history, unique culture, strong economy, and very high living standards. Russia is Europe's largest country. Rocks of all geologic periods are exposed, and the operation of geologic forces during an immense succession of eras has contributed to the molding of the landscapes of mountain, plateau, and lowland and has bequeathed a variety of mineral reserves. Population Density188 people per square kilometer, Highest ElevationMount Elbrus, Russia (5,642 meters/18,510 feet), Most Renewable Electricity ProducedIceland (99.9%; hydropower, geothermal), Largest Urban AreaMoscow, Russia (16.2 million people), Largest WatershedVolga River (1.38 million square km/532,821 square miles). One Capital of Culture of 2011, Turku, Finland, focused on cultures positive influence on health and well-being. By supporting this policy, the European Union hopes it will strengthen social, educational, professional, and economic ties in Europe and make the continent more competitive in global markets.Europes cultural products also help unify the region. Because of their remoteness, however, all these regions have distinct dialects that differ slightly from their parent language. Fortuitously, Europe has no continuous mountain obstacle aligned north-south, corresponding, for example, to the Western Cordillera of North America and the Andes Mountains of South America, that would limit access into western Europe from the ocean. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. [3] [4] It is bordered to the north and northeast by Russia, to the . Volcanic rocks add to the diversity of those regions. City-states were unique in that they were governed not by a hereditary ruler, but by a political body that represented its citizens. Europe has a diversity of terrains, physical features, and climates. The program highlights Europes rich cultural diversity, celebrates its cultural ties, and brings people of different European backgrounds together. Population Density188 people per square kilometer, Highest ElevationMount Elbrus, Russia (5,642 meters/18,510 feet), Most Renewable Electricity ProducedIceland (99.9%; hydropower, geothermal), Largest Urban AreaMoscow, Russia (16.2 million people), Largest WatershedVolga River (1.38 million square km/532,821 square miles). It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south (west to east) by the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Kuma-Manych Depression, and the Caspian Sea. Ukraine is the world's largest producer of sunflower seeds, and across every part of Ukraine, you'll see stunning fields of these yellow blooms. The EU accepts few candidates: member states must maintain a stable, democratic form of government, a free-market economy, and commitment to the rule of law.The rapid growth of the European Union, however, has caused a number of administrative and political tensions. Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, and North Macedonia constitute a contiguous landlocked agglomeration of eight countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, stretching from Geneva all the way to Skopje. The southern regions are mountainous while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees, and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. The population within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 701 million in 2005 according to the United Nations. Luxembourg is landlocked, separated from the North Sea by Belgium.. The financial and diplomatic success of the EU has led to its rapid growth across the continent.The euro is one of the strongest currencies in the world. Europe extends from the island nation of Iceland in the west to the Ural Mountains of Russia in the east. Lesotho (landlocked within South Africa), is the only other country in the world surrounded entirely by another country. All the major bodies of water in Europe have been fished for centuries. The United States and the Soviet Union built up huge nuclear arsenals, with many missiles aimed at targets throughout Europe. The Kimmel Falls are the tallest in Europe and also 5th in the list of the worlds highest waterfalls. The volcanoes of Lemnos, an island in the Mediterranean, and Mount Etna, on the island of Sicily, were believed to be the forges of Hephaestus, the Greek god of fire. Huge herds of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) feed on these tiny plants.The taiga, which stretches across northern Europe just south of the tundra, is composed of coniferous forests, with trees such as pine, spruce, and fir. The study also showed that only 8 percent of respondents considered language-learning unimportant.The European Union has adopted a multilingual language policy with the goal that everyone should be able to speak at least two languages in addition to their own. These physical features allowed for early communication, travel, and agricultural development. As part of an international agreement signed at the conference, all 27 member states of the European Union agreed to reduce carbon emissions by 20 percent by 2020 (from 1990 levels).The EU also notified the UN of a conditional offer to increase this cut to 30 percent, provided that other major emitters agree to take on their fair share of a global reduction effort. This conditional offer illustrates the tension that was present at the conference between developed countries high carbon emissions and developing countries low or rising carbon use. About a quarter of marine mammals are threatened.Today, around 15 percent of Europe's animal species are threatened or endangered, mainly by habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, and competition from invasive species. Iceland is usually included in Europe because it is over twice as close to mainland Europe as mainland North America. These journeys varied in length, depending on the migration patterns of specific reindeer herds. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. Greater relief is found in those areas in the heart of western and central Europe where uplifted and faulted massifs survive from the Hercynian orogeny, a late Paleozoic period of mountain formation. Updates? Veuillez activer JavaScript. These projected changes will have two major effects: There will be a smaller work force to create a dynamic and industrious economy, and governments and citizens will have to care for more elderly people.These changes will affect different regions of Europe in different ways. Italian fashion is also an important cultural export. Check out this amazing list of Austria facts that include history, food, culture, and more. The other landlocked countries are "standalone" landlocked, not bordering any other such European one (the emphasis is necessary, since Kazakhstan borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, thus forming a vast landlocked expanse in Central Asia). Related topics are discussed in such articles as those on religion (e.g., Judaism and Roman Catholicism) and literature (e.g., Greek literature; Dutch literature; and Spanish literature). It is the continent's second largest island (after Great Britain). It is the smallest country both in size and population. Automobile companies such as BMW, Mercedes, and Audi are known throughout the world for creating cars with dynamic designs and an engaging driving experience. During the harsh winter, the Sami ate all parts of the animal. In fact, many developing nations argued that the Copenhagen Accord was drafted by a small group of powerful countries and unfairly disadvantages poorer countries, many of which are expected to suffer the worst effects of climate change.The ageing of Europes population is also expected to dramatically affect the continents social, political, and financial future. The consensus is, however, that the largest glacier in Europe is the Vatnajokull glacier in Iceland. During the Middle Ages, dominant European powers conquered the strategically important mountain territory of the Alps. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. The two largest peninsulas are mainland Europe and Scandinavia to the north, divided from each other by the Baltic Sea. Can you think of anything notable you think I should have included? The biggest is Lake Ladoga, which covers just under 7,000 square miles and sits close to St. Petersburg. The Grand Canal, Venice, Italy. Author of, Emeritus Professor of Geography, Portland State University, Oregon. 2. Greater Milan is the largest Metropolitan Area in Italy. Projects are meant to stay a part of the city after 2011some pieces of sculpture may be used for athletics, for instance. January average range from 13C in southern Spain and southern Greek islands to -20C in the northeastern part of European Russia. The name Europe, or Europa, is believed to be of Greek origin, as it is the name of a princess in Greek mythology. Biology, Ecology, Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. The land in those areas, however, is of little use for crops. As a conceptual construct, Europa, as the more learned of the ancient Greeks first conceived it, stood in sharp contrast to both Asia and Libya, the name then applied to the known northern part of Africa. A contrast exists between the configuration of peninsular, or western, Europe and that of eastern Europe, which is a much larger and more continental area. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains. Some critics argue these attitudes are xenophobic. The lowest terrain in Europe, virtually lacking relief, stands at the head of the Caspian Sea; there the Caspian Depression reaches some 95 feet (29 metres) below sea level. In 1397, Denmark's Queen Margaret created the Kalmar Union, which included Sweden, Finland, Norway . Topography Facts - Earth Science. Many Muslim organizations, however, saw the cartoons as bigoted, racist, and insulting. There are more bicycles than people in the country (22.3 million bicycles and 17 million people). You cannot download interactives. [citation needed] These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps/Carpathians. The low starting elevation makes the Volga a slow flowing river. Topographic maps (often called topo maps for short) are large scale maps, often greater than 1:50,000, which means that one inch on the map equals 50,000 inches on the ground. The five most spoken native languages in Europe are Russian, German, French English, Turkish and Italian. The biggest part of the United Kingdom (also called the U.K.) is the island of Great Britain, which is made up of England, Wales, and Scotland. Professor of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs. These features typically include natural formations such as mountains, rivers, lakes, and valleys. Greeces many earthquakes, and the tsunamis they caused, were connected to the sea god Poseidon, known as the Earth Shaker. Cults and temples centered on Poseidon were built throughout the Aegean and Mediterranean seas as a means of appeasing the god.As maritime trade and exploration developed in the region, winds and currents connected to Poseidon became important in Greek mythology. Europe's most significant geological feature is the dichotomy between the highlands and mountains of Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from Great Britain in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east. Each country could easily make a contribution with an interesting fact as the landscape changes so dramatically across small spaces, unlike other continents. Brussels is considered to be the largest city of Belgium, according to the population of the Brussels-Capital Region. Xenophobia is an intense dislike or fear of people from other places or cultures.Two events demonstrate this debate. Updated: 07/28/2022 Table of Contents The ancient, often mineral-laden rocks of the northwestern highlands, their contours softened by prolonged erosion and glaciation, are found throughout much of Iceland, in Ireland, and in northern and western Britain and Scandinavia. 16 S Sunwood Ln , Sandy, UT 84092 is a single-family home listed for-sale at $1,295,000. Only North Korea has such high literacy rates as Ukraine. More than half of Europe consists of lowlands, standing mostly below 600 feet (180 metres) but infrequently rising to 1,000 feet (300 metres). For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Indeed, Turkey has sought membership in the European Union (EU), and the Republic of Cyprus joined the organization in 2004. 5 x Fun Facts about Europe The longest town name in Europe is Lanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogo, in Wales The Czech Republic is the most beer-drinking country per capita There are more UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe than any other continent in the world The highest toilet can be found at Mount Blanc In the Pyrenees and the Sierra Nevada of Spain, the highest of the peaks exceed 11,000 feet (3,400 metres). Not only is it pretty huge (2.5 times the size of Mount Vesuvius, which so famously buried Pompeii), but it is also one of the most active volcanoes in the world. Iceland and the British Isles are special cases. Latin, the language of Rome, evolved into French in the western region, and Italian in the south. Associated vegetation and soil forms also show continual variety, but only portions of the dominant woodland that clothed most of the continent when humans first appeared now remain. Topography describes the physical features of an area of land. Holland is a nation of cyclists. Europes boundaries have been especially uncertain, and hence much debated, on the east, where the continent merges, without sundering physical boundaries, with parts of western Asia. With its central European location but geographic remoteness, the Alps region developed into a unique crossroads for Europes dominant languages, and a refuge for its archaic languages. Europes continuing economic achievements are evidenced by its high standard of living and its successes in science, technology, and the arts. Regional climatic contrasts nevertheless exist: oceanic, Mediterranean, and continental types occur widely, as do gradations from one to the other. Europe, second smallest of the worlds continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying nearly one-fifteenth of the worlds total land area. That broad territory reveals no simple unity of geologic structure, landform, relief, or climate. The name Europe may also come from combining the Greek roots eur- (wide) and -op (seeing) to form the phrase wide-gazing.Europe is often described as a peninsula of peninsulas. A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. The continent also comprises numerous islands, somenotably the Faroes and Icelandlocated at a distance from the mainland. Read More: 25 Unbelievable Facts about North Korea that you must know. The North European Plain, common to much of Poland, northern Germany, and Denmark, broadens in western France and continues, across the narrow seas, in southeastern Great Britain and Ireland. Italy is separated from the Balkans by the Adriatic Sea, and from Iberia by the Mediterranean Sea, which also separates Europe from Africa. Establishing fishing limits, protecting threatened habitats, and encouraging sustainable consumption habits are some efforts supported by European conservationists. The North European Plain remains the most densely populated region of Europe.Central UplandsThe Central Uplands extend east-west across Central Europe and include western France and Belgium, southern Germany, the Czech Republic, and parts of northern Switzerland and Austria.The Central Uplands are lower in altitude and less rugged than the Alpine region and are heavily wooded. Many of its events encouraged community involvement and civic engagement. Strict EU regulations place a heavy burden on developing countries to compete with their more developed neighbors.The global financial crisis, which began around 2008, has caused these tensions to elevate dramatically. 4. Imperialism is a policy that has been used throughout history, most notably by European powers and the United States. The highest elevations and the most rugged relief of the European continent are found farther south, where the structures of the Cenozoic orogeny (i.e., from the past 66 million years) provide mountain scenery. Europe has less precipitation in the east than in central and western Europe. Some reindeer herds have a home range of up to 5,000 square kilometers (1,930 square miles). About 18% of all Europeans consider themselves as atheist or not religious. The Holocaust was the mass murder of Jews under the Nazi regime. The Iron Curtain took on the physical shape of border defenses, walls, and limited diplomacy. In this case, the region of Western Europe includes the regions of northern Europe, southern Europe, Central Europe, and the British Isles. Within the standard geographical boundaries, it is comprised of 737 million. 21,946 km 2 (8,473 sq mi) Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region, on the coast of the Black Sea. Actually, geographically Russia and former Soviet republics are Europe and always have been. Around 400 CE, the Alemanni, a Germanic tribe, invaded present-day northern Switzerland. The Netherlands is bordered by Germany in the east; and Belgium in the south. Sweden has a long history that began with prehistoric hunting camps in the southernmost part of the country. The principal articles discussing the historical and cultural development of the continent include history of Europe; European exploration; Western colonialism; Aegean civilizations; ancient Greek civilization; ancient Rome; Byzantine Empire; and Holy Roman Empire. Europe is traditionally defined as one of seven continents. Ancient Greeks also believed reigning gods imprisoned lesser gods underneath the volcanoes. Inhabited plains, with only the minor interruption of the worn-down Urals, extend from central Europe to the Yenisey River in central Siberia. The Sami culture of Scandinavia, for example, was deeply connected to the indigenous reindeer herds of the Arctic. The European Union created a $957 billion rescue package for the EU economy, primarily for countries that had unsustainable debt rates. The city is home to the headquarters of luxury brands such as Valentino, Gucci, Versace, and Prada. In the Alps, Mont Blanc rises to a height of 15,771 feet (4,807 metres), which is the highest point on the continent. Europe is a peninsula of the Eurasian supercontinent and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas to the south.Europe's main peninsulas are the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan, located in southern Europe, and the Scandinavian and Jutland, located in Northern Europe. This region is sparsely populated except in the Rhine, Rhne, Elbe, and Danube river valleys.Alpine MountainsThe Alpine Mountains include ranges in the Italian and Balkan peninsulas, northern Spain, and southern France. This map shows the physical features of Europe, surrounding lands, and offshore areas. Still another scheme with many adherents locates the continental boundary along the Aras River and the Turkish border, thereby putting Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe. Social Sci LibreTexts - Introduction to Europe, National Geographic - Europe: Physical Geography, Europe - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Europe - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), China says EU TikTok ban will harm business confidence, What time is it on moon? The relationship between the United States, with a free-market economy, and the Soviet Union, with a communist economy, was known as the Cold War.The Iron Curtain represents Europes political geography during the Cold War. Le site web de CORDIS ncessite lactivation de JavaScript pour fonctionner correctement. El sitio web de CORDIS requiere tener activado JavaScript para funcionar correctamente. With such a large number of nationalities compacted into such a small area, Europe strongly supports individual cultural identities and products.The European Capitals of Culture program, started in 1985, has become one of Europes most important and high-profile cultural events. The western part of the continent clearly has a high proportion of coastline with good maritime access and often with inland penetration by means of navigable rivers. Lesotho ( landlocked within South Africa ), is the person or group credited or cultures.Two events this. West to the headquarters of luxury brands such as Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius in Italy, other! The largest city of Belgium, according to the indigenous reindeer herds of Earth. 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