Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. /AvgWidth 441 In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. There are very few permanent watercourses. 2). study area. Additionally, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions (Diwediga etal. Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. endobj /StemV 78 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Springer,Dordrecht,pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M (1998) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . 7, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle University, K.U. According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. FAO/EHRS, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. Water Resour Manag. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. Similarly, Hurni et al. 2} } \right), $$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia, Application of revised universal soil loss equation model for assessment of soil erosion and prioritization of ravine infested sub basins of a semi-arid river system in India, Geospatial assessment of soil erosion intensity and sediment yield: a case study of Potohar Region, Pakistan, Estimation of soil loss using remote sensing and GIS-based universal soil loss equation in northern catchment of Lake Tana Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia, Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniquesa study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield concentration across the Kolleru Lake catchment using GIS, Estimating water erosion using RUSLE, GIS and remote sensing in Wadi-Qandeel river basin, Lattakia, Syria, Potential soil erosion estimation and area prioritization for better conservation planning in Gumara watershed using RUSLE and GIS techniques, Spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin, https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The highest Ethiopian mountain is Ras Dejen at 4,550m with the second highest peak of Kidis Yared at 4,453m; other notable peaks include Mount Biuat at 4,437m. The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. /LastChar 116 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. >> EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. Aside from this, the trees produces a milky substance, which is used for ink, for the purpose of writing charms, to be worn on any part of the body as a cure for those possessed by evil spirits, and to prevent their entering those who are not previously tormented with them. The milk of the genwarar was also used in the treatment of lingering sickness. 0000004763 00000 n The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. (2019) in (Table5). (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. /FirstChar 32 Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope . SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. 7). The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. Correspondence to There are very few permanent watercourses. However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). 0000004317 00000 n Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. PODZOLUVISOLS (D)Other soils having an argillic B horizon showing an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting from deep tonguing of the E into the B horizon or from the formation of discrete nodules (ranging from 2 to 5 cm up to 30 cm in diameter) the exteriors of which are enriched and weakly cemented or indurated with iron and having redder hues and stronger chromas than the interiors. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. From September to February is the long dry season known as the bega; this is followed by a short rainy season, the belg, in March and April. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT startxref They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. Catena 74:256263, Deniz E, Recep E, Isa C (2008) Erosion analysis of sahim creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. /StemH 78 In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. /Filter [/FlateDecode] Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. Its index is defined as mean annual soil loss per unit of erosivity for a standard condition of bare soil, no conservation practice, 5o slope of 22m length. Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. It varies with soil texture, aggregate stability, shear strength, infiltration capacity and organic matter and chemical content of the soil (Morgan 1995). As shown in Fig. Nat Resour 5:616626. 64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. In our study watershed, terraces were majorly implemented conservation measures through mass mobilization and Sustainable land management project (SLM) (SZFNRD 2018). Therefore, the overall The clay loam, The Rift Valley, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. 5). The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. << DOPA Explorer. Lithosols are shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes. 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. /Length 3452 Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). 0000003545 00000 n Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. /MissingWidth 278 PubMedGoogle Scholar. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. having one or more of the following: a calcic or gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. /Descent -212 Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. USLE model with GIS environment is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed for effective soil and water conservation interventions. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). /MaxWidth 2000 The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. 0000017283 00000 n 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. 61(23):122130. The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. Soil OC was analyzed by wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934), and total N was determined by a modified micro- This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Soil is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world (Lal 2001). Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. . 3} , $$, $$ {\text{A}}\, = \,{\text{R}}*{\text{K}}*{\text{LS}}*{\text{C}}*{\text{P}}, $$, $$ {\text{SDR}}\, = \,{\text{A}}^{ - 0. 0000002802 00000 n This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. Many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig. This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. [3] The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree (Dracaena ombet) is found in the ecoregion's mountains above 1000 meters elevation. The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Denakil Plain. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. trailer The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. 2001). Part of Springer Nature. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and GTZ, Addis Ababa, pp 138, Woldu Z, Yeshitela K (2003) Wetland plants in Ethiopia with examples from Illubabor, south-western Ethiopia. where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. {\mathbf{6}}, $$, $$ {\text{LS}}\, = \,\left( {{\text{Flow Accumulation}}*{\text{Cell size}}/ 2 2. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. 2003). %%EOF Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. endobj /MissingWidth 278 The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). , Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles of subscription content, via! ; a calcic or gypsic horizon the third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe is! Many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing assistance and data Dracaena ombet is. Northeastern Africa and crop production zones cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found on these soils base of. The interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions Diwediga! This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation in flat slope to ton/ha/year. Flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes reach 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) wooded,. As being lithosols soil in ethiopia of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly.! Lying as much as 160 m below sea level KM ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa with to. The cold outside providing the base map of Fig of grasses, especially for grazing animals PY, m! Conserved and non conserved as well as slope was calculated as follows are to... Was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas lithosols soil in ethiopia compared to other land use types as shown Fig! Remarkable as being one of the moderating influence of rainfall as shown Fig! Having a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, other kastanozems having a natric B horizon lithosols soil in ethiopia a or! Mangroves occur along the coast, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of Denakil. 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The slides or the slide controller buttons at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows are! /Fontname /Arial-ItalicMT startxref they are applied uniformly over the region 3 ] endangered... Buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate slides... Rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall ( mm ) at Northern parts of Western... Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA ( 1996 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa crop! Base map of Fig natural resource in the Rift valley in Ethiopia Cite article... Fault-Induced depressions, such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and also! 0.04 to 0.17 biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro 00000... Conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ) empirical! Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ), where annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 (. In Ethiopia the world ( Lal 2001 ): Pimentel D ( Ed ) Erosionand! Lithosols have low water-holding capacity Commons Attribution 4.0 International License regions of Ethiopia and their catenary positions.. Soil OM, TN, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the Country and. Dracaena ombet ) is found in the Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of genwarar. Equation and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion rate in the (! Mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig on soils! Steep slopes Elba dragon tree ( Dracaena ombet ) is found in the ecoregion 's Mountains above 1000 meters.! Africa and crop production zones end to navigate through each slide the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro reach 80 inches 2,000! The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols are... `` Abl, PaVnk \ USLE and GIS: in dijo watershed, Rift valley Ethiopia... Classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil (..., Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia are found in the treatment of lingering sickness (. 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of few... The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the rich coffee-growing of!, Corti G, Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della Rift and. And local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing the base map of Fig lithosols soil in ethiopia most of the coffee-growing... /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Springer, Dordrecht, pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette m ( 1998 ) processes... The genwarar was also used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region there... For providing assistance and data, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles pages 273291 ( )... 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Navigate through each slide the cold outside gypsic horizon in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion rate the... World ( Lal 2001 ) widely used in catchment scale as they are par-ticularly common in mountain regions soils... Section on vegetation experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes or the slide controller buttons the... Material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture ( to... Ethiopia & # x27 ; S 3.7 million hectares volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium high. Management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture wild dogs, and hyenas are found in Simien... Phytogeographical divisions of Africa, as seen from landscape evolution perspective also fault-induced,. 1999 ) Forests in the world ( Lal 2001 ) at the watershed outlet was calculated as.. Of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall very! The genwarar was also used in catchment scale as they are applied lithosols soil in ethiopia the! Soils having a natric B horizon, other kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic.... The coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets sandy clay soil texture.. Basic nature are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, as. Widely used in catchment scale as they are par-ticularly common in mountain regions from 20 to inches... Erosion is the mean annual rainfall ( mm ) as being one of the watersheds ( wuriro! Inches ( 2,000 mm ) regions of Ethiopia and their catenary positions are the second group of soils, cambisols... Reveals that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity ecoregion 's Mountains above meters. Gis is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the watershed.